Universal newborn screening for congenital cytomegalovirus infection: feasibility and relevance in a French type-III maternity cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of relevance and feasibility of universal newborn congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMVI) screening in saliva. DESIGN: Retrospective, population-based cohort study. SETTING: Clamart, France, 2016-2020. POPULATION: All neonates born consecutively in our level III maternity unit. METHODS: CMV PCR in saliva for all neonates at birth, and, if positive, CMV PCR in urine to confirm or exclude cCMVI. Prospective and retrospective characterisation of maternal infections. ROC curve analysis to assess saliva PCR performances. Acceptability of screening among staff members evaluated by a survey. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of cCMVI neonates; number of expected and unexpected cCMVI. RESULTS: Among 15 341 tested neonates, 63 had cCMVI (birth prevalence of 0.4%, 95% CI 0.3-0.5). In 50% of cases, maternal infection was a non-primary infection (NPI) during pregnancy. cCMVI was expected or suspected (maternal primary infection [PI], antenatal or neonatal signs) in 24/63 neonates (38%), and unexpected in 39/63 neonates (62%). The best CMV saliva threshold to predict cCMVI was 356 (2.55 log) copies/ml [95% CI 2.52 log-3.18 log], with an area under the ROC curve of 0.97. Over 90% of the 72 surveyed staff members reported that the screening was easy and quick. No parent refused the screening. CONCLUSIONS: Universal screening for cCMVI with CMV PCR on saliva samples is feasible and highly acceptable to parents and healthcare providers. Over half (62%) of the cases had no prenatal/neonatal signs of cCMVI or a maternal history of CMV infection during pregnancy and would probably not have been diagnosed without universal screening. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: In 62% of congenital cytomegalovirus infection cases, only universal neonatal screening in saliva can detect infection.

[Immunization of the preterm infant]. / Vaccination du prematuré

Premature infants have an increased risk of experiencing infectious diseases, some of which are vaccine preventable diseases. Maturation of immune responses begins with exposition to environmental antigens and in premature infants as fast as in term-infants. Premature infants must be vaccinated at 2 months of age, whatever the gestational age. Acellular Pertussis vaccine and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine must be given as early as possible, at two months of age. Immunization schedule in premature infants is the same as in full-term infants : three injections one month apart with a pentavalent vaccine : Diphteria, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Pertussis and Haemophilus type b. First injection of hepatitis B vaccine must not be taken in account when this vaccine is given at birth to infants under 2 kg birth weight. Premature infants 6 months of age or older and experiencing chronic lung disease have to be vaccinated against influenza. In all cases, surroundings have to be vaccinated. Apnea and/or bradycardia have been reported within the 48 hours following vaccination in premature infants before 32 weeks of gestational age and justify giving their first injection of vaccine under cardiorespiratory monitoring. These injections will be given before discharge as often as possible.

[Paediatric intervertebral calcifications: two cases report and review of the literature]. / Calcifications discales de l'enfant: à propos de deux observations et revue de la littérature.

UNLABELLED: Discal calcification in childhood is rare. Calcifications are occasionally discovered during routine examinations. Generally, the calcification process is confined to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. CASES REPORT: We describe the cases of two children, five and seven years old who presented with acute low back pain. The patients underwent a CT scan, which demonstrated a posterolateral calcified disc hernia. DISCUSSION: Only a few cases with evidence of calcification of the herniated portion of the disc have been previously described. The clinical picture is composed of pain and functional limitation. The radiographic picture consists of the association of morphological and structural alterations of vertebral bodies adjacent to one or more disc calcifications usually centrally sited, sometimes associated with anterior or posterior herniations. The surgical decompression of the nerve root could be necessary.

[Acute bartholinitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an 18-month-old infant]. / Bartholinite aiguë à Pseudomonas aeruginosa chez un nourrisson d'un an et demi.

UNLABELLED: Acute bartholinitis is a disease usually seen in women in the period of genital activity. Its occurence in a prepubertal child is an extremely rare event. CASE REPORT: We describe the case of a 18-month-old infant presenting a Bartholin's gland abces caused by Pseudomonas Aeruginosa with a resolutive evolution after antibiotherapy and surgical drainage. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of Bartholinitis should be considered in any female infant with a labial enlargement.

[Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in neonates]. / Epidémiologie des infections nosocomiales en néonatalogie.

Epidemiology of nosocomial infections in neonates has to be described according to our definitions (early onset GBS diseases excluded) and according to levels of care. Nosocomial risk exists in maternity departments (3% in postnatal beds), incidence rates are 7.5-12.7% or 1.3-8.5 per 1000 days in neonatal care units and 14.2% or 11.7 per 1000 days in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Gram-positive cocci bloodstream infections are the most common nosocomial infections in NICU but viral gastroenteritis are more frequent in neonatal care units. Risk factors are low birthweight, small gestational age and intravascular catheter in NICU, and for viral nosocomial infections, visits and winter outbreaks.